The Debate

With the digital age came the scramble for minerals below and to master the heavens above. US President Donald Trump wants a thousand rocket launches per year and with SpaceX’s reusable modules leading the way. The United States towers over the competition – which is why Ukraine’s president has to beg Elon Musk to use his Starlink low orbit satellite system to take out the Russian cruise missile launchers. 
Europe is late to the space race. Only around 10 launches are planned for its Ariane rocket next year. In this edition, we look at Norway’s first private launch of a German satellite this past weekend and more broadly, whether there’s room for everyone in an orbit already littered with debris. Those hoping for global cooperation on managing the skies above may be disappointed. Germany dropped out of co-hosting the Paris International Space Summit and the White House reportedly influenced US aerospace leaders to stay away. We ask: Does space need regulating? How urgently? And if not, what are the consequences?
Produced by François Picard, Maya Yataghène, Juliette Laffont, Ilayda Habip, Andrew Hilliar.

Ukraine’s momentum on the battlefield was a primary focus at July’s NATO summit in Turkey. Kyiv’s long-range drones and US President Donald Trump’s surprise announcement that the Washington would allow Ukraine to produce Patriot missiles on in the country. However, Trump's deal has yet to materialize. Moreover, Russia has ramped up cruise missile launches and Ukraine has run out of air defenses to stop them. Moscow is also failing to stop incoming missiles. In today’s edition we ask: What happens in war when offense proves better than defense for both sides?
Could this lose-lose situation make mediation efforts like the one undertaken in the past days by Donald Trump’s emissaries more relevant? When Russia is still calling the war a ‘special military operation’, what will it take for Moscow and Kyiv to get serious about a lasting settlement? The Kremlin is looking beyond the battlefield to the momentum enjoyed by Putin-friendly populists in France and Germany, as well as the US midterm elections and NATO. In that context, we look at Berlin’s calibrated response to a drone attack at Leipzig Airport. Is war in Ukraine about to wind down or escalate a whole further?
Produced by François Picard, Andrew Hilliar, Juliette Laffont, Ilayda Habip, Charles Wente.

The result was not enough to win outright, but certainly enough to shake Germany and Europe to their core: the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) trounced the ruling conservatives in the impoverished former East German state of Saxony-Anhalt in Sunday's election. We ask about the consequences of voting for an anti-immigrant, pro-Russian party that wants schools to teach less about the ills of Hitler and more about the glory of Bismarck.
Will Sunday's result further fuel the momentum of the far right in places like Sweden, which votes next Sunday or here in France, where the far right is currently the odds-on favourite in next spring's presidential elections? 
After dropping in on Nigel Farage's Reform UK party, French far-right leader Jordan Bardella was invited to speak to Italian business leaders at a weekend forum. Are we seeing a further normalisation of parties that once seemed fringe?
As for the mainstream, be it France or Germany, what does it need to offer to win back voters from MAGA and Putin-backed formations? You might ask: between Germany's Chancellor Friedrich Merz and France's outgoing leader Emmanuel Macron, who is on shakier ground?
Produced by François Picard, Andrew Hilliar, Juliette Laffont, Ilayda Habip, Charles Wente.

Could Europeans awaken next Monday to another shock bellwether moment? German voters could for the first time since World War II give an outright majority to a far-right party in regional elections. We ask about the AfD's push in Saxony-Anhalt and a charismatic lead candidate whose campaign strives to put charm above the vitriol usually associated with a party with pro-Nazi roots.
Saxony-Anhalt has a familiar tale: that of a former East German state rattled by globalisation with declining industry and an ageing population. Contrast its dying towns and villages with the dynamism of not-so-far-off cities like Berlin and Leipzig.
Speaking of Leipzig, the German government this week directly accused Russia over last month's drone attack on a Ukrainian cargo plane at Leipzig airport. Do German voters care that we're talking about the same Russia that's actively aligned with Moscow and a Trump administration that claims immigrants are a bigger threat to Europe than Russian hostility?
These questions may be the warmup for next spring's French presidential poll, where Marine Le Pen's party this week floated the idea of banning the Muslim headscarf in public.
Both the far-right National Rally and Germany's AfD oppose a more federal Europe. What happens if they win?
Produced by François Picard, Rebecca Gnignati, Juliette Laffont, Juliette Brown, Charles Wente.

What can an 11th-century comic strip about the Norman Conquest of England tell us about the spectre of sea change in 2026 Europe? France’s president is on hand for the hottest ticket in London, the first-ever cross-Channel visit of the Bayeux Tapestry, which, for the record, is not a tapestry but a delicate scroll of embroidered cloth that chronicles a radical turning point in our continent’s history. Should France’s outgoing president and the British monarch who welcomes him be likened more to the defending Saxons or the invading Normans?
Fast forward to the present and Europe has got plenty of ramparts to man, sandwiched between a hostile Russia and a withdrawing United States. How fast can Emmanuel Macron and new Prime Minister Andy Burnham level up to spearhead an alternative to an unravelling NATO? They're already leading a coalition of the willing for Ukraine. 
And why is the momentum with far-right populists with friends in Moscow and Washington, one of whom is currently favoured to become Macron's successor in eight months' time? Is it too late for mainstream forces to change the course of history?
Produced by François Picard, Rebecca Gnignati, Juliette Laffont, Juliette Brown, Charles Wente.