The Moonshot Podcast

• The Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive: Jason Rugolo on iyO and the Future of Audio Wearables

  In the eighth installment of the Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, Astro Teller discusses the future of audio wearables with iyO Founder Jason Rugolo. They discuss the many unexpected use cases for machine-mediated hearing, what it was like to build the world’s first audio computer and how to make audio wearables “cool.” For more on the origins of iyO and the next generation of audio wearable technology, tune into Episode 9 of the Moonshot Podcast, “Supersenses”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlpF2QJNL5Y 00:00 - Introduction 02:17 - The first company Jason started at age 14 04:02 - How Jason came to X 06:40 - Jason’s earliest “fail fast” moonshot ideas 09:54 - The importance of being “the right amount too early” 12:45 - Radical idea for digital humans 14:59 - Early explorations into tele-video 18:49 - The original pitch for what became iyO 22:24 - Why designing great wearables for the ear is so hard 24:52 - Design considerations for audio wearables 29:41 - Making audio wearables “cool” 31:32 - The limitations of current in-ear devices 32:33 - The “superpowers” we’d have with machine-mediated hearing 35:30 - Building the first audio computer 36:30 - What the team’s first audio wearable looked like 38:01 - How audio wearables could help with translation 40:55 - The potential for wearables to protect from hearing loss 41:57 - The future of “hearing enhancement” apps 44:45 - The unexpected value of voice-to-audio interaction 48:34 - Astro’s “holy s**t” moment with audio wearables 52:26 - Why audio wearables need to change sound sources so quickly 55:47 - iyO’s public debut 57:23 - Surprising agentic AI use cases 58:50 - Physics conversations with the Einstein app using iyO 01:00:58 - Musical conversations with the iyO DJ app using iyO 01:01:51 - Jason’s hard-won lessons from taking moonshots Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• Deep Dive: Ivy Ross & Isabelle Olsson on the Early Days of Google Glass

  In this installment of the Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, Astro Teller explores the origins of Google Glass with designers Ivy Ross and Isabelle Olsson. They discuss the unexpected design and tech challenges the team faced creating such a bold new form factor, the surprising ways people ended up wanting to use Glass, how their backgrounds in art influenced their approach, and the importance of timing when creating new technologies. For more on Glass’s early days, tune into Episode 9 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Supersenses”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlpF2QJNL5Y 00:00 - Introduction 01:43 - How Isabelle wound up at X 03:37 - How Ivy came to X 07:25 - The big challenges Glass was solving 11:04 - The origins of the Glass Explorer Program 11:43 - Glass’s public debut 14:46 - Ivy’s earliest memories of Glass in action 18:37 - How art influenced the design of Glass 22:19 - Glass’s second generation design 27:20 - From sunglasses to monocles: Early design debates 31:30 - Surprising “fringe” uses of Glass in industry 34:33 - Reinventing Glass for industry 35:47 - Why timing matters 41:45 - Memorable team traditions 44:50 - When Glass moved from X to Google 47:41 - Early explorations with the Google Watch 49:37 - Lessons learned from taking moonshots Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• Deep Dive: David Guerena on the Future of Agriculture

  In the sixth installment of our Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive series, X’s Captain of Moonshots, Astro Teller, discusses plant breeding and the future of agriculture with Agricultural Scientist, David Guerena. David works with The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) — a partner of Mineral, X’s moonshot for computational agriculture. They discuss plant breeding, the challenges facing smallholder farmers around the world, and how the tools Mineral developed are helping plant breeders grow more resilient crops. For more on Mineral’s impact on agriculture, check out Episode 4 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Feeding the World”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQS3lY6pRvY And to learn more about how Mineral’s technology is being used by public plant breeding programs in the Global South, check out The Artemis Project: https://alliancebioversityciat.org/projects/artemis 00:00 - Introduction 1:09 - Why humans eat certain plants 3:20 - How plants have historically been domesticated 4:53 - The origins of plant breeding 6:52 - The changing face of plant breeding 8:42 - Gene banks that preserve genetic diversity 10:22 - Helping small farmers with plant breeding 12:33 - How David’s career started 14:00 - The process of identifying and cataloguing plants 23:32 - CIAT and CGIAR’s partnership with Mineral 26:13 - Mineral’s technology 32:59 - Unexpected findings from Mineral’s early days 38:40 - Solving for the biggest challenges in plant breeding 40:08 - Phenotyping 101 41:06 - The impact of Mineral’s technology 44:39 - The challenges of existing breeding systems 50:10 - The future of computational agriculture 57:00 - The impact of AI on plant breeders and farmers 59:19 - A surprising insight about bean cooking time 1:01:47 - The future of plant breeding 1:03:58 - David, finally, talks about Bruno Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• Deep Dive: Jeff Dean on Google Brain’s Early Days

  In the fifth installment of our Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive video interview series, X’s Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller sits down with Google DeepMind’s Chief Scientist Jeff Dean for a conversation about the origin of Jeff’s pioneering work scaling neural networks. They discuss the first time AI captured Jeff’s imagination, the earliest Google Brain framework, the team’s stratospheric advancements in image recognition and speech-to-text, how AI is evolving, and more. For more on X’s AI moonshots, check out Jeff on Episode 3 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Machines That Think”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jLPA8Qpc74 00:00 - Introduction 00:35 - What Jeff’s childhood was like 03:50 - The first “non-trivial” thing Jeff coded 05:02 - Jeff’s “love/hate” relationship with C++ 06:59 - The first time AI captured Jeff’s imagination 10:40 - When neural networks fell “out of vogue” 12:24 - How Jeff made a career out of “starting over” 14:23 - The origins of Google Brain 17:30 - Critical components of scaling neural networks 18:43 - The earliest Google Brain framework 19:32 - How the team first built a 100x bigger neural network 22:04 - The cat video that started it all 25:02 - Google Brain’s major progress on image recognition 26:24 - Google Brain’s major progress on speech to text 27:29 - The origins of TensorFlow and TPUs 31:56 - Three breakthroughs in understanding language models 37:41 - Where Jeff thinks the world is headed 40:07 - The shift from “making things” to designing prompts 42:38 - How Jeff uses AI to enhance his own life 43:51 - Safety, security, and privacy in AI 50:26 - The future of understanding neural network behavior 53:34 - When computers are “smarter” than humans 56:52 - Jeff’s next-five-years plan Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• The Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive: Andrew Ng on Deep Learning and Google Brain

  In the fourth installment of our Moonshot Podcast Deep Dive video interview series, X’s Captain of Moonshots Astro Teller sits down with Andrew Ng, the founder of Google Brain and DeepLearning.AI, for a conversation about the history of neural network research and how Andrew’s pioneering ideas led to some of the biggest breakthroughs in modern-day AI. Hear about the origins of Google’s deep learning work, how Andrew’s teenage frustrations led him to pursue a career in machine learning and automation, and the work that led up to Google Brain’s infamous “cat video” paper. For more on X’s AI moonshots, check out Andrew on Episode 3 of The Moonshot Podcast, “Machines That Think”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jLPA8Qpc74 00:00 - Introduction 03:30 - Andrew’s groundbreaking early theories about neural networks 08:16 - Why Andrew came to X with his ideas 10:30 - The unlikely history of neural network research 15:25 - Jeff Dean as Andrew’s “partner in crime” 17:16 - The origins of Google Brain’s neural networks 18:32 - Google Brain’s evolution in and out of hardware 22:01 - Google Brain’s innovation around transformers 24:36 - Google Brain’s earliest leaps forward in AI 28:24 - Google Brain’s graduation from X into Google 31:50 - What Andrew is up to these days 34:07 - Where the AI and machine learning field is going 35:19 - Andrew’s passion for education 36:51 - Why Andrew became interested in AI as a teenager 37:53 - AI’s democratizing effect on humanity 41:34 - How Andrew defines the term “artificial intelligence” 43:51 - Google Brain’s “cat video” coming out moment 45:51 - AI’s potential positive impact on the workforce 47:17 - Andrew’s favorite aspects of moonshot-taking Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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